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Slide #1. Developmental Plasticity <BR> and Evolutionary Innovation Slide #2. "One part of the process of speciation is the establishment <BR>of discontinuities, that is, the establishment of isolating <BR>mechanisms and … reproductive isolation…. <BR> <BR>The other aspect of speciation is the establishment <BR>of diversity and divergence, that is the origin of new characters…" <BR> Slide #3. The Origin of New Characters Slide #4. The Origin of New Characters Slide #5. Where does the variation come from? Slide #6. Mayr: developmental phenomena <BR> and complex genetic differences Slide #7. Dobzhansky: mutation Slide #8. Mutation "accounts for the presence in natural populations of the material upon which selection acts…The greatest difficulty in Darwin’s theory of evolution, the existence of which Darwin himself was well aware, is hereby removed." <BR>Genetics and the Origin of Species <BR>1937, p.76 <BR> Slide #9. Mayr, on variation and selection: Slide #10. Which view prevailed? Slide #11. "The ‘genetical theory of natural selection,’ the theory that <BR>evolution proceeds by natural selection of ‘random’ mutations, <BR>…is the basis of the ‘neo-Darwinian synthesis." Slide #12. The Origin of Species Differences <BR> <BR>by <BR> <BR>Developmental Recombination <BR>and <BR>Genetic Accommodation Slide #13. The Origin of Species Differences <BR> <BR>by <BR> <BR>Developmental Recombination <BR>[gives rise to new phenotypes] <BR>and <BR>Genetic Accommodation <BR>[accounts for their genetical evolution <BR>under natural selection – on phenotypes] Slide #14. Species differences in mouth morphology and diet <BR>of African cichlids of Lake Malawi <BR>After Fryer and Iles (1972) Slide #15. From Beebe, 1927 <BR>Phaesants, Vol. 1 Slide #16. Complexly divergent species-specific genitalia <BR>of moquitoes [Aedes (Paraedes) spp.] <BR>From Reinert, 1981 Slide #17. Population <BR>of <BR>Genetically <BR>Variable <BR>Responsive <BR>Phenotypes Slide #18. Novel Genetic <BR>Input <BR>(Mutation) Slide #19. Novel Genetic <BR>Input <BR>(Mutation) Slide #20. Novel Genetic <BR>Input <BR>(Mutation) Slide #21. Novel Genetic <BR>Input <BR>(Mutation) Slide #22. Novel Genomic <BR>Input <BR>(Mutation) Slide #23. Novel Genetic <BR>Input <BR>(Mutation) Slide #24. Developmental Recombination Slide #25. Life-stage modularity in a heteromorphic tropical vine (Monstera dubia) <BR>After Madison (1977) Slide #26. Developmental recombination in the genus Monstera <BR>(after Madison, 1977) Slide #27. Developmental recombination by cross-sexual transfer: <BR>Male and female of Paracerceis sculpta <BR>(Crustacea, Isopoda) <BR>Shuster, 1992 Slide #28. Developmental recombination by cross-sexual transfer: <BR>Three male forms in Paracerceis sculpta <BR>(Crustacea, Isopoda) <BR>Shuster, 1992 Slide #29. Developmental recombination by cross-sexual transfer <BR>in Paracerceis sculpta (Crustacea, Isopoda) <BR>West-Eberhard, 2003, based on data of Shuster, 1992 Slide #30. Slide 30 Slide #31. Cross-sexual transfer <BR>In the origin of the maize ear <BR>After Iltis (1983) Slide #32. The two-legged goat effect: developmental recombination <BR> due to correlated shifts in behavior, muscle and bone <BR>After Slijper, 1942 Slide #33. Developmental recombination in behavior and morphology: <BR>Bipedal Locomotion in a Two-legged Baboon (Papio ursinus) <BR>From films by William H. Hamilton III Slide #34. Arnold <BR>By Annie Leibovitz 1976 Slide #35. MSN Direct <BR>July 22, 2004 Slide #36. Current Science <BR>October 8, 2004 Slide #37. Environmentally induced developmental recombination: <BR>Learned bipedal locomotion in Japanese macaques <BR>(From Hirasaki et al. 2004) Slide #38.                                                                                                                                         Slide #39. The Enos Lake sympatric species pair of sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus species complex) <BR>(a) Limnetic species (b) benthic species <BR>Bell and Foster (1994) Slide #40. Parallel Species Pairs Slide #41. Ontogenetic developmental plasticity Slide #42. Recurrent parallel forms due to heterochrony Slide #43. Developmental recombination by <BR>Environmentally induced heterotopy <BR> of pigmentation pattern in the Himalayan rabbit <BR>Based on Iljin (1929) Slide #44. Developmental recombination at the molecular level: duplication and diversification in <BR>Fibronectin and related proteins (9 domains) <BR>(After Holland and Blake, 1990) Slide #45. Development as a series of branching pathways <BR>After Weismann, 1893 Slide #46. Regulatory (switch) <BR>point Slide #47. Regulatory (switch) <BR>point Slide #48. Developmental recombination: the origin of a new branch Slide #49. Ancestral <BR>Mechanisms of plasticity <BR>Neurosensory apparatus <BR>Hormone systems (glands, receptors) <BR>Responsive tissues (ovarian, brain) Slide #50. Ancestral <BR>Regulatory Mechanisms <BR>Neurosensory apparatus <BR>Hormone systems (glands, receptors) <BR>Responsive tissues (ovarian, brain) Slide #51. Ancestral <BR>Regulatory Mechanisms <BR>Neurosensory apparatus <BR>Hormone systems (glands, receptors) <BR>Responsive tissues (ovarian, brain) Slide #52. Ancestral <BR>regulatory Mechanisms <BR>Neurosensory apparatus <BR>Hormone systems (glands, receptors) <BR>Responsive tissues (ovarian, brain) Slide #53. Ancestral <BR>regulatory Mechanisms <BR>Neurosensory apparatus <BR>Hormone systems (glands, receptors) <BR>Responsive tissues (ovarian, brain) Slide #54. Regulatory Mechanism <BR> Pre-existing: <BR>Neurosensory apparatus <BR>Hormone systems (glands, receptors) <BR>Responsive tissues (ovarian, brain) Slide #55. Genetic Accommodation Slide #56. Genetic Accommodation Slide #57. Summary and consequences of this view of evolution Slide #58. Birthday cake for Ernst: Working stage Slide #59. Happy Birthday Ernst! Slide #60. Photo courtesy Brian McNab Slide #61. Photo courtesy of Brian McNab Slide #62. The end