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Slide #1. Digital map courtesy of Reed Beaman Slide #2. Non-dimensional Species Concept Slide #3. Non-dimensional Species Concept Slide #4. "It’s as if on one hand we know just what ‘species’ means, and on the other hand, we have no idea what it means" <BR>Hey, 2001 Slide #5. "It’s as if on one hand we know just what ‘species’ means, and on the other hand, we have no idea what it means" <BR>Hey, 2001 Slide #6. ? Slide #7. Slide 7 Slide #8. LEMURS! Slide #9. Recognize and describe patterns of biodiversity <BR> enhance understanding of the evolutionary process (the Darwinian "why?") <BR> set priorities for biodiversity conservation Slide #10. Speciation <BR>Laboratory Slide #11. Slide 11 Slide #12. Dr. Chris Scotese (Arizona State) <BR>The Paleomap Project Slide #13. Digital map courtesy of Reed Beaman Slide #14. Montane rainforest <BR>(Annual rainfall > 1500mm) Slide #15. Dry deciduous and thorn forest <BR>(Annual rainfall ~ 500mm) Slide #16. Estimated loss of >65% of original forest cover by 1985; is probably closer to 80% at this point. Slide #17. How and when did various vertebrates reach Madagascar? <BR> Did radiations begin immediately upon arrival? <BR> What have various groups been doing while there? (e.g., Do patterns of species diversity conform to ecological expectation?) <BR> How do we go about recognizing species diversity in the first place?**** Slide #18. Multiple dispersals: <BR> chameleons (Raxworthy et al., 2002) <BR> Triaenops? Slide #19. Slide 19 Slide #20. Slide 20 Slide #21. Ancestral lemur (~62 mya) Slide #22. 62 mya Slide #23. You may recall that something rather significant occurred somewhere around 65 mya … Slide #24. Yoder & Yang (2004) Slide #25. 43 mya Slide #26. Digital map courtesy of Reed Beaman Slide #27. West Slide #28. How and when did various vertebrates reach Madagascar? = waif dispersal <BR> Did radiations begin immediately upon arrival? = not necessarily <BR> What have they been doing while there? (e.g., Do patterns of species diversity conform to ecological expectation?) <BR> How do we go about recognizing species diversity in the first place?**** Slide #29. Mouse lemurs <BR>(genus Microcebus) Slide #30. Actually, three new species described and two elevated from synonomy … Slide #31. Steve Goodman (Field Museum of Natural History) Slide #32. What we “knew” about mouse lemurs in 1993 Slide #33. "There are many good biological species that do not differ at all morphologically or only very slightly … cryptic species" <BR>Mayr (1996) Slide #34. Rodin Rasoloarison Slide #35. Sampling Slide #36. Discriminant Function Analysis <BR>(34 morphometric characters) Slide #37. mtDNA Slide #38. Expected <BR>Phylogeography Slide #39. Observed <BR>Phylogeography Slide #40. Pastorini et al. (2003) Slide #41. Warm &Wet Slide #42. Cold &Dry Slide #43. Warm &Wet Slide #44. Cold &Dry Slide #45. Warm &Wet Slide #46. Cold &Dry Slide #47. Photo by David Haring Slide #48. Microcebus surprisingly old <BR>Age estimate for loris/galago divergence twice as old as expected Slide #49. Figure from <BR>Martin (2003) Slide #50. Localities where at least two species occur sympatrically Slide #51. Cryptic morphological variation <BR> <BR>Species radiation is at least 5 million years old (Yang & Yoder, 2003; Yoder & Yang, 2004; Yang, 2004) Slide #52. Eulemur radiation nearly identical in age <BR>(Yang & Yoder, 2003; Yoder & Yang, 2004) Slide #53. Male Advertisement Calls Slide #54. Olfactory/Hormonal Signaling is Clearly Important Slide #55. Slide 55 Slide #56. ? Slide #57. In collaboration with Peter Kappeler and Rodin Rasoloarison Slide #58. ? Slide #59. Lesser long-tailed shrew tenrec <BR>(Microgale longicaudata) Slide #60. longicaudata (mid) Slide #61. Slide 61 Slide #62. Slide 62 Slide #63. Evidence for Multiple Species Slide #64. Nuclear Loci have: <BR> 4x the effective population size of mtDNA markers <BR> slower mutation rates Slide #65. Kellie Heckman Slide #66. Scnps - work in progress Slide #67. M.murinus & <BR>M.griseorufus Slide #68. M.murinus & <BR>M.griseorufus Slide #69. M.murinus & <BR>M.griseorufus Slide #70. "South" clade Slide #71. Discriminant Function Analysis <BR>(34 morphometric characters) Slide #72. Slide 72 Slide #73. We “know” that all mouse lemurs torpor Slide #74. We “know” that all mouse lemurs torpor Slide #75. Discriminant Function Analysis <BR>(34 morphometric characters) Slide #76. "The actual demarcation of species uses morphological, geographical, ecological, behavioral, and molecular information to infer the rank of isolated populations." Slide #77. Slide 77 Slide #78. most higher taxa arrived only once via waif dispersal (chameleons are major exception!) <BR> predicted patterns of wet-adapted and dry-adapted clades not recovered <BR> rivers appear to play an important role in segregating vertebrate biodiversity --- perhaps even in volant groups <BR> mtDNA and morphological patterns tend to agree <BR> nDNA is problematic (thus far) for confirming species boundaries, and for determining species phylogeny: Incomplete lineage sorting? Ghost of hybridization past? <BR> detailed behavioral and ecological examination tends to confirm mtDNA and morphological hypotheses Slide #79. M. myoxinus Slide #80. University of Antananarivo - Spring, 1997 Slide #81. Slide 81 Slide #82. Slide 82 Slide #83. In speaking about the authors of "some recent papers on species" which "has been a rather troubling experience", "there is only one term that fits some of these authors: armchair taxonomists." Slide #84. "Get your boots muddy"